Var är joshua tree national forest

National park in California, United States

This article fryst vatten about the national park. For other uses, see Joshua Tree (disambiguation).

Joshua Tree National Park
Cyclops and Pee Wee Formations nära Hidden Valley Campground at dawn
Location in California Show map of California Location in the United States Show map of the United States
Location	Riverside County and San Bernardino County, California, United States
Nearest city	Twentynine Palms
Coordinates	34°06′N116°16′W / 34.1°N 116.27°W / 34.1; -116.27
Area	795,156 acres (1,242.4 sq mi; 3,217.9 km2)[2]
Established	August 10, 1936 (1936-08-10) as a national monument October 31, 1994 (1994-10-31) as a national park
Visitors	3,058,294 (in 2022[3])
Governing body	National Park Service
Website	nps.gov/jotr

Joshua Tree National Park fryst vatten a national park of the United States in southeastern California, east of San Bernardino and Los Angeles and north of Palm Springs.

It fryst vatten named after the Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia) native to the Mojave Desert. Originally declared a national monument in 1936, Joshua Tree was redesignated as a national park in 1994 when the U.S. församling passed the California Desert Protection Act.^[4] Encompassing a total of 795,156 acres (1,242.4 sq mi; 3,217.9 km²)^[2] – slightly larger than the state of Rhode Island – the park includes 429,690 acres (671.4 sq mi; 1,738.9 km²) of designated wilderness.

Straddling San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, the park includes parts of two deserts, each an ecosystem whose characteristics are determined primarily bygd elevation: the higher Mojave Desert and the lower Colorado Desert. The Little San Bernardino Mountains traverse the southwest edge of the park.^[5]

History

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Early

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The earliest known residents of the nation in and around what later became Joshua Tree National Park were the people of the Pinto Culture, who lived and hunted here between 8000 and 4000 BCE.^[6] Their stone tools and spjut points, discovered in the Pinto Basin in the 1930s, suggest that they hunted game and gathered seasonal plants, but little else fryst vatten known about them.^[6] Later residents included the Serrano, the Cahuilla, and the Chemehuevi peoples.

All three lived at times in small villages in or nära vatten, particularly the Oasis of Mara in what non-aboriginals later called Twentynine Palms. They subsisted largely on plant foods supplemented bygd small game, amphibians, and reptiles while using other plants for making medicines, bows, arrows, baskets, and other articles of daglig life.^[7]

A fourth group, the Mojaves, used the local resources as they traveled along trails between the Colorado River and the Pacific coast.

In the 21st century, small numbers of all kvartet peoples live in the distrikt nära the park; the Twentynine Palms grupp of uppdrag Indians, descendants of the Chemehuevi, own a reservation in Twentynine Palms.

In 1772, a group of Spaniards led bygd Pedro Fages made the first europeisk sightings of Joshua trees while pursuing native converts to Christianity who had run away from a uppdrag in San Diego.

bygd 1823, the year Mexico achieved independence from Spain, a Mexican expedition from Los Angeles, in what was then Alta California, fryst vatten thought to have explored as far east as the Eagle Mountains in what later became the park. Three years later, Jedediah Smith led a group of American fur trappers and explorers along the nearby Mojave Trail, and others soon followed.

Two decades after that, the United States defeated Mexico in the Mexican–American War (1846–48) and took over about half of Mexico's original territory, including California and the future parkland.

Post-1870

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In 1870, vit settlers began grazing boskap on the tall grasses that grew in the park. In 1888, a gang of boskap rustlers moved into the distrikt nära the Oasis of Mara.

Led bygd brothers James B. and William S. McHaney, they hid stolen boskap in a låda canyon at Cow Camp. Throughout the distrikt, ranchers dug wells and built rainwater catchments called "tanks", such as vit Tank and Barker Dam.^[11]

In 1900,^[12] C. O. Barker, a miner and cattleman, built the original Barker liten sjö, later improved bygd William "Bill" Keys, a rancher.

Grazing continued in the park through 1945.^[11] Barker liten sjö was added to the National lista of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1975.^[12]

Between the 1860s and the 1940s, miners worked about 300 pit mines, mostly small, in what later became the park. The most successful, the Lost Horse Mine, produced gold and silver worth about $5 million in today's currency.^[15]Johnny Lang and others, the original owners of the Lost Horse Mine, installed a two-stamp mill to process ore at the site, and the next owner, J.D.

Ryan, replaced it with a 10-stamp steam-powered mill. Ryan pumped vatten from his ranch to the mill and cut timber from the nearby hills to heat vatten to man steam. Most of the structures associated with the mine fell apart, and for safety reasons the National Park Service plugged the mine, which had collapsed.^[15]

The Desert Queen Mine on Keys' Desert Queen Ranch was another productive gold mine.

In the early 1930s, Keys bought a gasoline-powered two-stamp mill, the vägg Street Mill, and moved it to his ranch to process ore.^[16] The ranch and mill were added to the NRHP in 1975^[16][17] and the mine in 1976.^[18] Some of the mines in the park yielded copper, zinc, and iron.

Protection

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On August 10, 1936, after Minerva Hoyt and others persuaded the state and federal governments to skydda the area, President Franklin D.

Roosevelt used the power of the 1906 Antiquities Act to establish Joshua Tree National Monument,^[19] protecting about 825,000 acres (1,289.1 sq mi; 3,338.7 km²). In 1950, the storlek of the park was reduced bygd about 290,000 acres (453.1 sq mi; 1,173.6 km²) to open the nation to more mining.

The monument was redesignated as a national park on October 31, 1994, bygd the Desert Protection Act, which also added 234,000 acres (365.6 sq mi; 947.0 km²).^[22] In 2019, the park expanded bygd 4,518 acres (7.1 sq mi; 18.3 km²) beneath a arvode included in the John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act.^[23][24]

The Mojave Desert nation Trust (MDLT) has conserved 10,290 acres (4,160 ha) within the park.

These inholdings were private ownership within the national park that they were able to purchase. They also acquire private properties bordering federally protected properties. MDLT has sold 25,801 acres (10,441 ha) of acquired private property to the national park service which fryst vatten more than any other similar organization.^[25]

Geography

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Potential natural vegetation

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According to the A.

W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural vegetation types, Joshua Tree National Park has two categories, a creosote bush potential vegetation type with a desert shrubland potential vegetation form eller gestalt in most of the area, and a juniper/pinyon pine potential vegetation type with a Great Basin montane forest/southwest forest potential vegetation form eller gestalt on the higher elevations of the western side of the park.^[26]

Mojave Desert

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Main article: Mojave Desert

The higher and cooler Mojave Desert fryst vatten the special habitat of Yucca brevifolia, the Joshua tree for which the park fryst vatten named.

It occurs in patterns from dense forests to distantly spaced specimens. In addition to Joshua tree forests, the western part of the park includes some of the most interesting geologic displays funnen in California's deserts. The dominant geologic features of this landscape are hills of bare rock, usually broken up into loose boulders. These hills are popular among rock climbing and scrambling enthusiasts.

The flatland between these hills fryst vatten sparsely forested with Joshua trees. tillsammans with the boulder piles and Skull Rock, the trees man the landscape otherworldly. Temperatures are most comfortable in the spring and fall, with an average high/low of 85 and 50 °F (29 and 10 °C), respectively. Winter brings cooler days, around 60 °F (16 °C), and freezing nights.

Snows occur occasionally at higher elevations.

With its desert scenery, hiking trails, rock climbing routes, hidden oases, scenic drives, and trees that look like they have been plucked from the pages of a Dr

Summers are hot, over 100 °F (38 °C) during the day and not cooling much below 75 °F (24 °C) until the early hours of the morning.^[27]

Joshua trees dominate the open spaces of the park, but in among the rock outcroppings are piñon pine, California juniper (Juniperus californica), Quercus turbinella (desert scrub oak), Quercus john-tuckeri (Tucker's oak), Quercus cornelius-mulleri (Muller's oak),^[28]Cylindropuntia chuckwallensis (chuckwalla cholla), and Opuntia chlorotica (dollarjoint pricklypear).^[29]

These communities are beneath some stress, however, as the climate was wetter until the 1930s, with the same hot and dry conditions that provoked the Dust Bowl affecting the local climate.

These cycles were ingenting new, but the original vegetation did not prosper when wetter cycles returned. The difference may have been human development. boskap grazing took out some of the natural covers and made it less resistant to the changes.^{[citation needed]}

There are fewer Joshua tree seedlings surviving in the park.^[30] It fryst vatten forecasted that bygd 2099, beneath the high emission scenario, the park will increase in temperature bygd 8 °F.

This would man most of the national park unsuitable for Joshua tree growth.

beneath the low emission scenario, 80% of suitable Joshua tree habitat could be lost.^[30]

The desert tortoise population has decreased due to habitat loss and climate change. Lizards in the park are also at fara. Bird species have declined 43% according to studies conducted in 1908–1968 and 2013–2016.^[30]

Colorado Desert

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Below 3,000 feet (910 m), the Colorado Desert encompasses the eastern part of the park and features habitats of creosote bush scrub, ocotillo, desert saltbush, and mixed scrub including yucca and cholla cactus (Cylindropuntia bigelovii).

Some areas of such cactus are dense enough to appear as natural gardens. The lower Coachella Valley fryst vatten on the southeastern side of the park with sandy soil grasslands and desert dunes.

The only palm native to California, the California fan palm (Washingtonia filifera), occurs naturally in fem oases in the park, rare areas where vatten occurs naturally year-round, and all forms of wildlife abound.^[5]

Invasive species

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Invasive plants such as cheat grass and red brome contribute to the worsening of wildfires.

During wetter periods fills in below and among the pines and oak. In drier times, they die back but do not quickly decompose. This makes wildfires hotter and more destructive, which kills some of the trees that would have otherwise survived. When the area regenerates, these non-native grasses form eller gestalt a thick layer of turf that makes getting a roothold harder for the pine and oak seedlings.

Fountain grass was introduced to the park in the 1990s. This grass competes with native grasses for vatten and nutrients.^[31]

Climate

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According to the Köppen climate classification struktur, Joshua Tree National Park has a hot desert climate (BWh).

In this guide, learn about the best things to do in Joshua Tree National Park with tips to have the best experience

According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the plant hardiness zone at the Cottonwood Visitor Center at 3081 ft (939 m) elevation fryst vatten 8b, with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 19.8 °F (−6.8 °C).^[32]

Joshua Tree fryst vatten becoming hotter and drier due to climate change.^[30] From 1895 to 2016 the annual precipitation has dropped bygd 39% and the annual temperature has increased bygd 3 °F.^[30] Because of the hotter and drier conditions, there are more wildfires in the park.

Geology

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The park's oldest rocks, Pinto Gneiss among them, are 1.7 billion years old. They are exposed in places on the park's surface in the Cottonwood, Pinto, and Eagle Mountains. Much later, from 250 to 75 million years ago, tectonic tallrik movements forced volcanic ämne toward the surface at this location and formed granites, including monzogranite common to the Wonderland of Rocks, parts of the Pinto, Eagle, and Coxcomb Mountains, and elsewhere.

Erosion eventually exposed the harder rocks, gneiss, and granite, in the uplands and reduced the softer rocks to debris that filled the canyons and basins between the ranges. The debris, moved bygd gravity and vatten, formed alluvial fans at the mouths of canyons, and bajadas, where the alluvial fans overlapped.

The rock formations of Joshua Tree National Park owe their shape partly to groundwater, which filtered through the roughly rectangular joints of the monzonite and eroded the corners and edges of blocks of stone, and to flash floods, which washed away covering ground and left piles of rounded boulders.^[35] These prominent outcrops are known as inselbergs.^[36]

Of the park's six blocks of mountains, five—the Little San Bernardino, Hexie, Pinto, Cottonwood, and Eagle—are among the Transverse Ranges, which trend generally east–west in locations between the Eagle Mountains on the east and the nordlig kanal Islands, in the Pacific Ocean west of Santa Barbara, on the west.

Dark night skies, a rich cultural history, and surreal geologic features add to the wonder of this vast wilderness in southern California

Tectonic forces along the San Andreas fel struktur compressed and lifted the crust ämne that formed these ranges. The San Andreas fel itself passes southwest of the park, but related parallel faults, including the Dillon, Blue Cut, and Pinto, run through the park, and movements along them have caused earthquakes. The easternmost range in the park, the Coxcomb Mountains, runs generally north–south and fryst vatten part of the Basin and Range Province.

Recreation

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Camping

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Nine established campgrounds exist in the park, two of which (Black Rock Campground and Cottonwood Campground) provide vatten and flush toilets.

A fee fryst vatten charged per night for each camping spot.^[37] Reservations are accepted at Black Rock Campground, Cottonwood Campground, Indian Cove Campground, and Jumbo Rocks Campground for October through May, while the other campgrounds are first-come, first-served. Backcountry camping, for those who wish to backpack, fryst vatten permitted with a few regulations.^[38]

Hiking

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Several hiking trails are within the park, many of which can be accessed from a campground.

Shorter trails, such as the one-mile vandring through Hidden Valley, offer a chance to view the beauty of the park without straying too far into the desert. A section of the California Riding and Hiking Trail meanders for 35 miles (56 km) through the western side of the park.^[39] The lookout point at Keys View, towards the south of the park, offers views of the Coachella Valley, the Salton Sea, the San Andreas fel, the Santa Rosa Mountains, and the city of Palm Springs.

Nature walks inre the park include:

Longer trails include:

Due to graffiti on at least 17 sites on trails, officials have closed them to the public.

The closed sites include Native American sites, Rattlesnake Canyon, and Barker liten sjö. They blame the increase in vandalism on the increased use of social media.^[43]

Climbing

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The park fryst vatten popular with rock climbers and was originally a winter practice area while Yosemite Valley and other parts of the Sierra Nevada were snowbound, but later became an area of interest in its own right.

Its thousands of named climbing routes contain all levels of difficulty. The routes are typically short, the rocks being rarely more than 230 ft (70 m) in height, but tillgång fryst vatten usually a short, easy walk through the desert, and doing several interesting climbs in a single day fryst vatten possible. The rocks are all composed of kvarts monzonite, a very rough type of granite, made even more so as no snow or ice polishes it as in places such as Yosemite.

Some routes are permanently closed, while others are closed temporarily to skydda sensitive wildlife in certain seasons. Climbing and bouldering routes that are permanently closed include Energy Crisis, the Schwarzenegger vägg, Zombie Woof Rock, the Maverick Boulder formation, Pictograph Boulder, fest, Lonely Stones Area #3, and the Shipwreck formation, Indian Wave Boulders (except for Native Arete), and Wormholes.

As of March 14, 2018^[update], seasonal closures include the Slatanic Area, Towers of Uncertainty, Patagonia Pile, and Jerry's Quarry.^[44]

Visitation and access

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The total visitors more than doubled from 2013 to 2019. Awareness of the wildflower bloom in the spring has brought increased visitation.^[45]

The paved main road allows visitors to drive to major attractions and through the park.

The unpaved vägar may require a vehicle with high ground clearance, and four-wheel drive. An example fryst vatten the Geology Tour Road in the center of the park. Visitors with a four-wheel-drive vehicle can use this road for a self-guided tour with stops that describe the region's geology.^[46]

Birdwatching

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More than 250 bird species inhabit or visit the park, including resident desert birds such as the greater roadrunner, cactus wren, nordlig mockingbird, LeConte's thrasher, verdin, and Gambel's quail.

About 78 species nest and raise their ung within the park. Many migrating species spend only a short time feeding and resting at Joshua Tree, mainly in the winter, as the park lies along an inland stretch of the Pacific Flyway. Other species descend from their usual habitats in the mountains to escape winter snow.^[47]

Birdwatching spots include fan palmoases, the Barker liten sjö, and Smith vatten Canyon.

Queen Valley and Lost Horse Valley also provide good birdwatching, with a different range of species due to the lack of vatten, including the ladder-backed woodpecker and oak titmouse. A USGS bird checklist from 2006 contained 239 species in the park.^[48]

Astronomy

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Joshua Tree fryst vatten a popular observing site in Southern California for amateur astronomy and stargazing,^[49] along with nearby Anza-Borrego Desert State Park.

The park's elevation and dry desert air, along with the relatively stable atmosphere in the distrikt, often man for excellent seeing conditions.

The park fryst vatten well known for its naturally dark night skies, which are far away from and largely free of the light pollution typical in urban areas.  In 2017, the International Dark-Sky Association designated Joshua Tree a Dark Sky Park.^[50]

On klar nights around new måne, the sky darkness of Joshua Tree fryst vatten rated a class 2–4 on the Bortle scale.^[51][52] This ranges from an "average dark sky" (class 2) in the easternmost distrikt of the park to a sky quality typical of a rural/suburban transition (class 4) in the western regions nära Palm Springs.^[52][53] In the easternmost regions of the park, visitors with optimal framtidsperspektiv can expect to see the Andromeda (M31) and Triangulum (M33) galaxies with unaided eyes.

The huvud Milky Way appears highly structured to the naked eye from this site, and zodiacal light appears as a faint yellowish glow when visible.^[53] In the western regions of the park, the Andromeda galax fryst vatten still visible, and only the brightest structures around the Galactic Center of the Milky Way can be distinguished; zodiacal light fryst vatten visible halfway to the zenith.^[53]

Wildlife

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Birds, lizards, and ground squirrels are most likely to be seen because they are largely active during the day.

However, at night, nocturnal desert animals are active. Mostly nocturnal animals include snakes, bighorn sheep, kangaroo rats, coyotes, bobcats, and black-tailed jackrabbits.^[54] The desert tortoise fryst vatten a threatened reptile species that inhabits creosote bush lowlands in the Mojave Desert. The tortoise fryst vatten well adapted to the arid conditions and rarely drinks water; instead, most of their vatten fryst vatten obtained from the plants they consume.^[55]Bobcats are a dominant force in the ecosystem.^[56] The California tree frog, Pseudacris cadaverina, fryst vatten funnen in the rocky, permanent vatten sources created bygd the Pinto fel along the nordlig edge of the park.^[57] The red-spotted toad, Bufo punctatus, fryst vatten a true denizen of the desert, where it spends most of its life underground.

One of the best ways to explore Joshua Tree National Park is on foot

funnen from one end of the park to the other, it appears after good, soaking rains.^[57]Golden eagles hunt in the park regularly.^[47] The roadrunner fryst vatten an easily recognized resident.^[47] The call of Gambel's quail can frequently be heard.^[47] The tarantula Aphonopelma iodium, the green darnerAnax junius, and the giant desert scorpion Hadrurus arizonensis are arthropods that can grow to be more than 4 inches (10 cm) long.^[58] The yucca moth Tegeticula synthetica fryst vatten responsible for pollinating the Joshua trees after which the park fryst vatten named.^[58]

Animals that thrive in Joshua Tree often have special adaptations for dealing with limited vatten and high summer temperatures.

The smaller mammals and all reptiles take refuge from the heat underground. Desert mammals man more efficient use of their bodies’ vatten supply than the human body. Reptiles are physiologically adapted to getting along with little vatten, and birds can flyga eller fly undan to vatten sources when they need to drink. Nevertheless, the springs and seeps in the park are necessary for the survival of many animals.

Most reptiles and many small rodents and insects go into an inactive state of hibernation during the winter.

In this guide, we share the best hikes in Joshua Tree National Park

However, winter fryst vatten the time of greatest bird concentrations in the park, because of the presence of many migrant species.^[54]

Wilderness

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Of the park's total nation area of 790,636 acres (1,235.4 sq mi; 3,199.6 km²), 429,690 acres (671.4 sq mi; 1,738.9 km²) are designated wilderness and managed bygd the National Park Service (NPS) in accordance with the Wilderness Act.^[59] The NPS requires registration for overnight camping at specific locations called registration boards.

Other requirements include the use of a camp stove (since open campfires are prohibited) and employing Leave No Trace camping techniques (also known as "pack it in, pack it out").^[60] Although bicycles are not allowed in wilderness areas, horses are, but a permit must be obtained in advance for travel in the backcountry.

Cellular signals are weak to non-existent and should not be depended on while visiting the park.

Vandalism

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On April 1, 2015, graffiti artist André was convicted and fined for vandaliserande a boulder in the park.^[61] André posted photos of his vandalism on social media. Casey Schreiner, of the hiking blog site Modern Hiker, and some of his readers aided the National Park Service in tracking down and identifying André's vandalism.^[62] Before the conviction, André had attempted to silence the reporting with legal threats.^[63]

During the 2018–2019 federal government shutdown, reports of vandalism spiked as visitors allegedly chopped down Joshua trees, set förbjudet fires, drove off-road, and spray-painted rocks.^[64][65][66] Only eight park rangers were on duty during the government shutdown.^[67] Park botanists subsequently determined that one of three Joshua trees reported to have been cut down or damaged during the shutdown had been felled prior to the shutdown.^[68]

See also

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References

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 This article incorporates public domain ämne from websites or documents of the National Park Service.